EMAN ZIED-2019-验证干预城市结构方法的合理性

Testing the rationalisation of the urban fabric as an intervention method in Cairo, Egypt

验证干预城市结构方法的合理性——以埃及开罗为例

EMAN ZIED, ALICEVIALARD, RUTH ConROY DALTON

Northumbria University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, United Kingdom

诺森布里亚大学，泰恩河畔纽卡斯尔大学，英国

KEYWORDS：Space Syntax, Informal Settlements, Urban Planning，Rationalisation，Urban Morphology

关键词：空间句法，非正式住区，城市规划，合理化，城市形态

本文来自于第十二届空间句法北京会议，文件夹“Urban Morphology”,

序号“77”

链接：https://pan.baidu.com/s/1dkKlN66G0ZjHV9XOATL-4w

提取码：kjjf

【浙江工业大学理论课作业】

ABSTRACT

摘要

Self-generated informal settlements in Cairo are the product of incremental decisions which lead to a gradual aggregation of buildings that form urban blocks (Sioufi, 1981). The resulting block shapes and sizes may be suitable for meeting an individual’s needs for housing but may not meet the community’s needs for amenities that have a larger area. The street network is partially the product of building aggregation and therefore is unplanned and may not meet the community’s needs. This paper argues that minor urban interventions can be used to alleviate some of the issues that informal settlements face such as over-crowdedness and lack of access to the city.

开罗自产生的非正式住区是渐进决定的产物，这些决定导致构成城市街区的建筑物逐渐聚集（Sioufi，1981年）。由此产生的街区形状和尺寸可能适合满足个人的住房需求，但可能不能满足社区对面积较大的设施的需要。街道网络是建筑聚合的产物，因此是计划外的，可能不能满足社区的需要。本文认为，小规模的城市干预可用于缓解非正规住区面临的一些问题，如人口过多和缺乏进入城市的机会。

based on previous work by Zied and Vialard in Cairo (2017) this study uses a two-pronged approach to develop a holistic intervention plan for informal settlements in Cairo, rationalizing the urban fabric by consolidating urban blocks to increase their resilience and optimizing the street network to improve connectivity and integration both within the settlement and to the wider urban fabric of Cairo. This type of informed intervention may improve community living standards and allow the settlement to develop into a functional neighbourhood that can be incorporated into the wider urban fabric.

本研究基于先前Zied和Vialard在开罗(2017年)的工作，采用一种双管齐下的方法，为开罗的非正规住区制定一项全面的干预计划，通过整合城市街区来提高城市结构，优化街道网络，改善住区内部和开罗更广泛的城市结构的连通性和一体化，使城市结构合理化。这种知情干预可提高社区生活水平，使住区发展为一个能够融入更广泛城市结构的功能性社区。

based on measures tested and developed in the work of Colaninno et al in Barcelona (2011) and Song and Knaap in Portland (2007) this study firstly analyses self-generated urban blocks in terms of their shape and size, then explores how self-generated blocks can be consolidated. This study will then analyse the street network (Hillier and Hanson, 1989) then improve the syntactic structure of settlements and reconnect it to the city super-grid (Peponis et al., 2015). Interventions are developed and tested then compared to the initial state of the settlement to establish which is most beneficial to the settlement.

本研究基于在巴塞罗那的Colaninno等人(2011年)和波特兰的Song和Knaap(2007年)的工作中测试和开发的措施，首先分析了自生成的城市街区的形状和大小，然后探讨如何将自生成的街区合并，之后分析街道网络（Hillier和Hanshan，1989年），再改进住区的综合结构，并将它重新连接到城市超级网格中（Peponis等人，2015年）。最后制定和测试干预措施，然后与住区的初始状态进行比较，以确定对住区最有利的干预措施。

The case studies selected are as follows:

1. Informal Growth on agricultural land -Ard El Lewa, Dar El Salam

2. Historic District –Mit Uqba and Medieval Cairo

所选的案例研究如下：

1. 农业用地的非正式增长 -  Ard El Lewa, Dar El Salam

2. 历史区 – Mit Uqba and Medieval Cairo

The methodology of this study uses two urban morphology measures; square compactness (Maceachren, 1985; Steadman et al., 2000) which measures the block’s deviation from a square, and elongation (Angel et al., 2010; Schumm, 1956) which uses the longest axis of the shape to measure its deviation from a circle. The urban block measures show the size and shape of blocks to assess their suitability and functionality in the urban fabric. The area and perimeter of the block will also be considered according to the proposed intervention. The axial analysis will be used to analyse the street network and visualise the integration core and syntactic structure of the settlement (Hillier, 1999; Hillier and Hanson, 1989) in order to rationalise the street network.

本研究的方法使用了两种城市形态测量方法：平方紧度(Maceachren，1985；Steadman等人，2000)，它测量街区的偏离量和伸长率(Angel等人，2010年；Schumm，1956年)，即它使用形状的最长轴测量其与圆的偏差。城市街区测量显示街区的大小和形状，以评估其在城市结构中的适用性和功性能。此外，当局亦会根据建议的干预措施，考虑该街区的面积及周长，并利用轴向分析方法分析街道网络，并可视化住区的整合核心和句法结构(Hillier，1999；Hillier and Hanson，1989)，以合理化街道网络。

Results indicate that minor interventions cause an acceptable improvement in the syntactic structure and block measures of the settlement, and can be enough to improve the settlement and reconnect it to the wider urban fabric. Urban blocks can be consolidated to accept functions which require a large area, but since the existing blocks often contain housing and streets create crucial access points, a holistic intervention plan (Levy, 1999) should be developed that consolidates blocks and widens and reroutes streets to improve the urban fabric without disrupting the existing structure.

结果表明，轻微的干预措施可使街区的空间句法结构和堵塞措施得到可接受的改善，足以改善住区，并使其与更广泛的城市结构重新连接起来。同时城市街区可以合并并开发需要大面积的功能，但由于现有的街区往往包含住房和街道，因此应制定一项综合干预计划(Levy，1999年)，合并街区，拓宽和改道，从而改善城市结构，同时又不破坏现有结构。

REFERENCES

参考文献

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0064.2009.00304.x

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informal settlements. Urban Des. Int. 5, 61–96.

Hillier, B., Hanson, J., 1989. The Social Logic of Space. Cambridge University Press.

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and Humanity.

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Karimi, K., Amir, A., Shafiei, K., Raford, N., Abdul, E., Zhang, J., Mavridou, M., 2007. EVIDENCE-baseD SPATIAL

INTERVENTION FOR REGENERATION OF INFORMAL SETTLEMENTS, in: Proceedings of the Sixth International

Space Syntax Symposium, Istanbul: ITU Faculty of Architecture. pp. 034–1.

Levy, A., 1999. Urban morphology and the problem of the modern urban fabric: some questions for research. Urban Morphol.3.

Maceachren, A.M., 1985. Compactness of Geographic Shape: Comparison and evaluation of Measures. Geogr. Ann. Ser. B

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Technology.

Song, Y., Knaap, G.-J., 2007. Quantitative Classification of Neighbourhoods: The Neighbourhoods of New Single-family

Homes in the Portland Metropolitan Area. J. Urban Des. 12, 1–24. https://doi.org/10.1080/13574800601072640

Steadman, P., Bruhns, H.R., Holtier, S., Gakovic, B., Rickaby, P.A., Brown, F.E., 2000. A Classification of Built Forms.

Environ. Plan. B Plan. Des. 27, 73–91. https://doi.org/10.1068/bst7

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UNESCO, 2017. Historic Cairo [WWW document]. UNESCO World Herit. Cent. URL http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/89/

(accessed 1.3.19).

Vialard, A., 2013. A typology of block-faces.

Vialard, A., 2012. Measures of the Fit Between Street Network, Urban Blocks and Building Footprints. Atlanta Ga. Insitute

Technol. Tillgäng. Pa Internet Httpwww Sss8 Clmediauploadpaginasseccion81011 Pdf.

Zied, E., Vialard, A., 2017. Syntactic Stitching: Towards a Better Integration of Cairo’s Urban Fabric, in: Heitor, T., Serra,

M., Pinelo Silva, J., Bacharel, M., Cannas da Silva, L. (Eds.), Proceedings of the 11th International Space Syntax Symposium.

Presented at the 11th International Space Syntax Symposium, Instituto Superior Técnico - Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon.

更正！上条参考文献格式错误。

REFERENCES

参考文献

Abouseif, D., 2007. Cairo of the Mamluks: A History of Architecture and Its Culture. I.B.Tauris, London ; New York : New York.

Angel, S., Parent, J., Civco, D.L., 2010. Ten compactness properties of circles: measuring shape in geography: Ten compactness properties of circles. Can. Geogr. Géographe Can. 54, 441–461. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1541- 0064.2009.00304.x

Arandel, C., El Batran, M., 1997. The informal housing development process in Egypt. University College, London, Development Planning Unit.

CAPMAS, 2016. Districts - District of Dar El Salam [WWW document]. URL http://web.archive.org/web/20160808214015/http://www.cairo.gov.eg/areas/Lists/List1/DispForm.aspx?ID=40 (accessed 1.3.19).

Carpenter, A., Peponis, J., 2010. Poverty and Connectivity. J. Space Syntax 1, 108-120–120. Colaninno, N., Roca, J., Pfeffer, K., 2011. Urban form and compactness of morphological homogeneous districts in Barcelona: towards an automatic classification of similar built-up structures in the city (No. ersa11p769), ERSA conference papers. European Regional Science Association.

Deboulet, A., 1994. Vers un urbanisme d’émanation populaire : compétences et réalisations des citadins : l’exemple du Caire. Hegazy, I.R., 2016. Informal settlement upgrading policies in Egypt: towards improvement in the upgrading process. J. Urban. Int. Res. Placemaking Urban Sustain. 9, 254–275. https://doi.org/10.1080/17549175.2015.1009845

Hillier, B., 1999. Centrality as a process: accounting for attraction inequalities in deformed grids. Urban Des. Int. 4, 107–127.

Hillier, B., Greene, M., Desyllas, J., 2000. Self-generated Neighbourhoods: the role of urban form in the consolidation of informal settlements. Urban Des. Int. 5, 61–96.

Hillier, B., Hanson, J., 1989. The Social Logic of Space. Cambridge University Press.

Hillier, B., Stoner, T., 2010. SPACE SYNTAX －STRATEGIC URBAN DESIGN. City Plan. Inst. Jpn. Future of Urban Space and Humanity.

Howeidy, A., Dina K. Shehayeb, Edgar Göll, Khaled Mahmoud AbdelHalim, Marion Séjourné, Mona Gado, Elena Piffero, Gerhard Haase-Hindenberg, Gundula Löffler, Jürgen Stryjak, Julia Gerlach, Manal el-Jesri, Martin Fink, Nahla M. el-Sebai, Regina Kipper, Sarah Sabry, Verena Liebel, William Cobbett, 2009. Cairo’s Informal Areas: Between Urban Challenges and Hidden Potentials. Participatory Development Programme in Urban Areas framework, Cairo

Jacobs, J., 1993. The Death and Life of Great American Cities, Vintage Books ed edition. ed. Vintage Books, New York. Karimi, K., Amir, A., Shafiei, K., Raford, N., Abdul, E., Zhang, J., Mavridou, M., 2007. EVIDENCE-baseD SPATIAL INTERVENTION FOR REGENERATION OF INFORMAL SETTLEMENTS, in: Proceedings of the Sixth International Space Syntax Symposium, Istanbul: ITU Faculty of Architecture. pp. 034–1.

Levy, A., 1999. Urban morphology and the problem of the modern urban fabric: some questions for research. Urban Morphol. 3.

Maceachren, A.M., 1985. Compactness of Geographic Shape: Comparison and evaluation of Measures. Geogr. Ann. Ser. B Hum. Geogr. 67, 53–67. https://doi.org/10.2307/490799

Mohamed, A.A., Van Nes, A., Salheen, M.A., Khalifa, M.A., Hamhaber, J., 2014. Understanding urban segregation in Cairo: The social and spatial logic of a fragmented city, in: Proceedings of the 1st International Conference of the CIB Middle East and North Africa Research Network" Smart, Sustainable and Healthy Cities", Abu Dhabi,(UAE), 14-16 December 2014. CIB Middle East and North Africa Research Network.

Nagati, O., Elgendy, N., 2013. Ard al-Liwa Project: Towards a New Urban Order and Mode of Professional Practice. Planum J. Urban. 1.

Nawar, L., Al-Qattat, H., 2008. Slums in the Egyptian Governorates. The Egyptian Cabinet, Centre of Decision Making and Support, Cairo.

Peponis, J., Feng, C., Green, D., Haynie, D., Kim, S.H., Sheng, Q., Vialard, A., Wang, H., 2015. Syntax and parametric analysis of superblock patterns. J. Space Syntax 6, 109–141.

Peponis, J., Park, J., Feng, C., 2017. Diversity and scale in superblock design. Urban Des. - Sch. Archit. Univ. 5. Perry, C., 1929. The neighborhood unit. Natl. Munic. Rev. 18, 636–637. https://doi.org/10.1002/ncr.4110181012

Schumm, S.A., 1956. EVOLUTION OF DRAINAGE SYSTEMS AND SLOPES IN BADLANDS AT PERTH AMBOY, NEW JERSEY. GSA Bull. 67, 597–646. https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1956)67[597:EODSAS]2.0.CO;2

Sims, D., 2010. Understanding Cairo: The Logic of a City Out of Control. American University in Cairo Press.

Sioufi, M.M., 1981. Urbanization of agricultural land : informal settlements in Cairo (Thesis). Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

Song, Y., Knaap, G.-J., 2007. Quantitative Classification of Neighbourhoods: The Neighbourhoods of New Single-family Homes in the Portland Metropolitan Area. J. Urban Des. 12, 1–24. https://doi.org/10.1080/13574800601072640

Steadman, P., Bruhns, H.R., Holtier, S., Gakovic, B., Rickaby, P.A., Brown, F.E., 2000. A Classification of Built Forms. Environ. Plan. B Plan. Des. 27, 73–91. https://doi.org/10.1068/bst7

Tadamun, 2013. Mīt `Uqba. Tadamun. URL http://www.tadamun.info/?post_type=city&p=260&lang=en (accessed 11.17.16).

UNESCO, 2017. Historic Cairo [WWW document]. UNESCO World Herit. Cent. URL http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/89/ (accessed 1.3.19).

Vialard, A., 2013. A typology of block-faces.

Vialard, A., 2012. Measures of the Fit Between Street Network, Urban Blocks and Building Footprints. Atlanta Ga. Insitute Technol. Tillgäng. Pa Internet Httpwww Sss8 Clmediauploadpaginasseccion81011 Pdf.

Zied, E., Vialard, A., 2017. Syntactic Stitching: Towards a Better Integration of Cairo’s Urban Fabric, in: Heitor, T., Serra, M., Pinelo Silva, J., Bacharel, M., Cannas da Silva, L. (Eds.), Proceedings of the 11th International Space Syntax Symposium. Presented at the 11th International Space Syntax Symposium, Instituto Superior Técnico - Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon.

Fantastic！