THE ROLE OF A UNIVERSITY IN CITY TRANSFORMATION

大学在城市转型中的作用

Nastaran Namvar; Amira Elnokaly; Glen Mills

ABSTRACT

摘要

This research investigates the reciprocal spatial impact of universities and their host cities. The study carries out a cross-case analysis between the University of Lincoln and city of Lincoln and with the University of Worcester and the city of Worcester. Both cities are located in United Kingdom (UK), have similar historical backgrounds,

and are similar in terms of size and population demographic. Additionally, both universities are relatively new universities.

本研究探讨了大学与主办城市之间的相互空间影响。该研究在林肯大学和林肯市之间以及伍斯特大学和伍斯特市之间进行跨案例分析。这两个城市都位于英国(UK)，有着相似的历史背景，在规模和人口人口方面也相似。此外，这两所大学都是相对较新的大学

This study attempts to uncover and clarify how the University of Worcester and the University of Lincoln have transformed their socio-economic and spatial environments in their respective cities. One of the most significant features of this transformation is related to spatial integration and connectivity between the campus and city. This is a complex relationship, that is dependent on many physical and non-physical variables.

这项研究试图揭示和澄清伍斯特大学和林肯大学是如何在各自的城市改变其社会经济和空间环境的。这一转变最显著的特征之一是校园和城市之间的空间整合和连接。这是一个复杂的关系，它依赖于许多物理和非物理变量。

This paper presents the results of that highlight the spatial configuration of the city/ campus relationship. SpaceSyntax techniques and observation data are adapted in order to show how campus layouts influence the spatialconfiguration of the city. The main finding in this research shows that the location of a university campus has a significant impact on the city in physical, social and economic forms.

本文提出了突出城市/校园关系空间配置的结果。运用空间句法技巧和观察数据来展示校园布局如何影响空间城市布局。这项研究的主要发现表明，一个大学校园的位置会对城市的物质、社会和经济形态产生重大影响。

KEYWORDS

空间句法、城市、校园、空间转换

【zjut空间句法课程作业】

 INTRODUCTION

说明

Urban space transformations are including direct changes to the physical components of the city, and these changes integrate with the changes of the social composition and socio-cultural dynamic nature of the community (Elnokaly and Elseragy, 2012; Macionis and Parrillo, 2016). In fact, a city is a combination of spaces which is shaped and developed by the society that inhabits it. On of this spaces in the city that play a major role to shape the city and the society is higher education institutes. As Ansell mention at Going Global conference in 2017, a fundamental inter-relationship pertinent to spatial- cultural dynamics that has been noticed in many UK cities is that between the university and the city. The relationship between Universities and cities has become increasingly important in the recent decade. This link pertains to the economic, physical, geo-political and cultural facets of city life (Heijer,2011; Goddard, 1994; Heijer and Magdaniel, 2012; Vallance and Goddard, 2013; Wiewel and Perry, 2015; Way, 2016). As universities contribute more and more to the local economy through research, reputation and the creation

of capital infrastructure in the form of campus development, they are seen not only as educational and cultural institutions but also viewed as a mainstay for urban transformations. Several literatures have discussed the economic impact that the university has on the city (Rauch, 1993; Glaeser, 1998; Simon, 1998; Mathur, 1999; Universities, 2015; Oxford Economics, 2017). These literatures identify important roles played by a university in 1 Proceedings of the 12 th Space Syntax Symposium impacting cultural development in the city through the process of recruiting a range of creative professionals to the city. The other studies address some issue the quality of the university campus concerning educational, physical and social life inside the campus and the neighbourhoods around the university (Hermke and Helsper, 1990; Hajrasouliha, 2017; Robert, 2001; Lau and Yang, 2009; Haggans, 2015; Hajrasouliha, 2016). This paper seeks to highlight the relationship between the university campus and the city with focusing on the physical location of the university campus. The physical location of the campuses, according to Den Heijir (2008), is categorised in three different categories: the integrated-city in which the campus is situated in the middle of the city and integrated within a city; the gated campus where the campus is located in the city and surrounded by a gate; and the separated city where the campus is located out of a city. It aims to contribute to improving knowledge about city and University relationships by analysing a number of different cities in the UK. It also examines the impacts of the university on the city in terms of physical location factors and how the city responds to these effects. Given this relationship between the university and city this study attempts to highlight and understand how the spatial configuration of the university campus impacts on these respective cities. It should be noted that this paper is part of the larger study looking into several universities and cities in the UK. However, for the prepare of this paper, University of Lincoln and city of Lincoln and University of Worcester and city of Worcester are used as the case cross compression to represent and discuss the city/campus duality.

城市空间的转变包括对城市物理组成部分的直接改变，而这些改变融入了组成社会的变化和社会文化动态性质的社区(Elnokaly和Elseragy, 2012;Macionis和Parrillo, 2016)。事实上，一个城市是一个组合的空间是形状和是由居住在这里的社会发展起来的。这些空间在城市中扮演着塑造城市的重要角色社会是高等教育机构。正如安塞尔在2017年的“走出去”(Going Global)大会上所提到的，这是一个根本性的问题在许多英国城市中，人们已经注意到与空间-文化动态相关的相互关系是在城市之间大学和城市。大学与城市之间的关系在城市发展中变得越来越重要最近的十年。这种联系涉及城市生活的经济、物质、地缘政治和文化方面(海耶尔，2011;戈达德,1994;海耶尔和马格丹尼尔，2012;valance and Goddard, 2013;Wiewel和Perry, 2015;道路2016）. 随着大学通过研究、声誉和创造为地方经济做出越来越多的贡献以基础设施建设为形式的校园发展，不仅被视为教育和文化同时也被视为城市转型的中流砥柱。一些文献已经讨论了这个问题大学对城市的经济影响(Rauch, 1993;格莱泽,1998;西蒙,1998;Mathur, 1999;大学,2015;牛津经济研究院,2017)。这些文献明确了大学在社会中所扮演的重要角色1第12届空间句法研讨会论文集通过招聘一系列的创意专业人员来影响城市的文化发展这座城市。其他的研究涉及到教育、体育等方面的大学校园质量问题以及校园内和大学周围社区的社会生活(Hermke and Helsper, 1990;Hajrasouliha, 2017;罗伯特2001;刘和杨，2009;Haggans, 2015;Hajrasouliha, 2016)。本文旨在突出大学校园与城市的关系，注重校园的物理位置大学校园。根据Den Heijir(2008)的研究，校园的物理位置分为三种不同类别:综合型城市，即校园位于城市中心，并进行综合化在一个城市;有大门的校园，即校园位于城市中并被大门包围的校园;和分离校园所在的城市在城市之外。它的目的是帮助提高对城市和通过分析英国一些不同城市的大学关系。它也研究了大学对城市的物理区位因素以及城市如何应对这些影响。鉴于这种本研究试图突出和理解大学与城市之间的关系大学校园的布局对这些城市产生了影响。值得注意的是，本文是一部分调查英国几所大学和城市的大型研究。然而，为了准备本文，林肯大学和林肯市以及伍斯特大学和伍斯特市被用作案例交叉压缩来代表和讨论城市/校园的二元性。

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