Space Syntax is a set of theories and methods for modelling and analyzing cities, using space as the fundamental generator of the city.  A major virtue of this approach is that it is supported by a powerful social theory of space.  Founded in the 1970s and 1980s by Bill Hillier and his colleagues (Hillier and Hanson 1984;  Hillier et al. 1987), and developed further in the following decades, space syntax theory describes the logic of society through its manifestation in spatial systems:  how the way spaces are put together ‒ or the configuration of space ‒ relates directly with how people perceive, move through and use spatial systems of any kind, ranging from small domestic spaces to large-scale cities (Penn et al. 1998).  This sounds like a common sense way of understanding cities, but yet has been overlooked in many urban theories, particularly in the recent decades, when rapid growth and urbanization have demanded new ways of dealing with cities.

空间句法是利用空间作为城市的基本生成物，对城市进行建模和分析的一套理论和方法。这种方法的一个主要优点是，它得到了一个强大的社会空间理论的支持。由Bill Hillier和他的同事在20世纪70年代和80年代创立(Hillier和Hanson 1984; Hillier et al. 1987)，并在随后的几十年中进一步发展，空间句法理论通过其在空间系统中的表现来描述社会的逻辑: 空间的组合方式——或空间的配置——直接关系到人们如何感知、穿越和使用任何类型的空间系统，从小型的家庭空间到大型的城市(Penn et al. 1998)。这听起来像是理解城市的一种常识性方式，但在许多城市理论中却被忽视了，特别是在最近几十年，当快速增长和城市化要求以新的方式应对城市时。 

The configuration-function relationship, or the space-society paradigm in more general terms, has a direct consequence for design and planning. Since there is a direct relationship between spatial configuration and urban functions, analysis of spatial configuration provides a powerful tool for designing, shaping, maintaining and changing urban functions. based on this assumption, which is strongly supported by research, a series of methods and modelling techniques have been developed for analyzing spatial configuration (Penn 2008). These techniques are predominantly based on very fundamental concepts of human behaviour, such as movement, visual perception and human occupation, which directly link physical space with people. The models use simple geometrical attributes, such as lines of sight and movement or visual fields of perception, to create a network of spatial elements. This network is then turned into a pattern of relationships, or a graph representation (Freeman 1977), which can be quantitatively analyzed to determine the relative role that each space plays in the configuration of the system, as a whole or in its parts.

构型-功能关系，或者更一般的空间-社会范例，对设计和规划有着直接的影响。空间形态与城市功能有着直接的关系，空间形态分析为城市功能的设计、塑造、维护和改变提供了有力的工具。基于这个被研究强烈支持的假设，一系列分析空间形态的方法和建模技术被开发出来(Penn 2008)。 这些技术主要基于人类行为的基本概念，如运动、视觉感知和人类职业，这些都直接将物理空间与人联系在一起。 这些模型使用简单的几何属性，如视线、运动或感知视野，来创建一个空间元素网络。然后，这个网络变成了一种关系模式或图形表示(Freeman 1977)，可以定量地分析，以确定每个空间在系统配置中所扮演的相对角色，作为一个整体或其部分。 

Due to the nature of the elements used in simulation, any analysis of spatial configuration by space syntax methods relates directly to how the urban system functions. This simply turns a set of analytical spatial models into a useful method for measuring how movement, activity and behaviour are distributed within the system (Karimi 2012). These methods are simple in nature, but they have the capability to become more complex by linking spatial configuration with other spatial attributes, such as movement, land use, density, social interactions and practically any attribute of the city that has a spatial nature. The model is also multi-scalar, since the configuration can be analyzed in different contexts and is multi-disciplinary, since spatial attributes are embedded into various disciplines. The product is an analytical tool that can be used effectively to understand complex spatial systems and design them more effectively using analytical evidence.

由于模拟中使用的元素的性质，空间句法方法对空间形态的分析直接关系到城市系统的功能。这只是将一组分析空间模型转化为一种测量运动、活动和行为如何在系统中分布的有用方法(Karimi 2012)。这些方法在本质上是简单的，但它们有能力通过将空间配置与其他空间属性(如移动、土地使用、密度、社会互动和实际上任何具有空间属性的城市属性)联系起来，从而变得更加复杂。 该模型也是多标量的，因为配置可以在不同的环境中分析，而且是多学科的，因为空间属性嵌入到不同的学科中。该产品是一种分析工具，可以有效地用于理解复杂的空间系统，并使用分析证据更有效地设计它们。

Under the overarching theoretical framework of space syntax, further sub-theories have been developed to explain and underpin various aspects of urban systems. The theory of ‘natural movement’ argues that it is the movement generated by the spatial grid that creates the life of the city, rejecting the commonly-thought idea of place as one thing and movement between places as another (Hillier et al. 1993). Complementary to that, the theory of ‘movement economy’ explains that the activities in the city adapt to take maximum advantage of the movement (Hillier and Penn 1996). The ‘pervasive centrality’ theory implies that centrality functions diffuse throughout the network, generating a pattern that is far more complex than envisaged in theories of poly-centrality, but can be captured by the configurational analysis of the spatial network (Hillier 2001). Further theoretical propositions have been developed to deal with various facets of urbanism, including: urban migration and ethnic clustering (Vaughan and Arbaci 2011), behaviour and interaction in working places (Penn, Desyllas, and Vaughan 1999), linking accessibility, density and diversity to explain the ‘spatial capitals’ (Marcus 2010), on informal settlements and organic cities (Hillier 1996; Karimi 2002). These inter-connected sets of theories create a diverse yet unified platform for space syntax research. 

在空间句法的理论框架下，进一步的子理论被发展来解释和支持城市系统的各个方面。“自然运动”理论认为，是空间网格产生的运动创造了城市的生活，拒绝了普遍认为的地方是一种东西，地方之间的运动是另一种东西(Hillier et al. 1993)。与此相补充的是，“运动经济”理论解释说，城市中的活动适应于最大限度地利用运动(Hillier和Penn 1996)。“普遍中心性”理论暗示，中心性函数在整个网络中扩散，产生的模式比多中心性理论设想的复杂得多，但可以通过空间网络的构型分析捕捉到(Hillier 2001)。为了处理城市主义的各个方面，提出了进一步的理论主张，包括: 城市移民和种族聚集(Vaughan和Arbaci 2011)、工作场所的行为和互动(Penn、Desyllas和Vaughan 1999)、联系可达性、密度和多样性来解释“空间首都”(Marcus 2010)、非正式住区和有机城市(Hillier 1996; 卡里2002)。这些相互联系的理论为空间句法研究提供了一个多元而统一的平台。

In parallel, academic researchers have pushed the boundaries of the field by developing new tools and methods, such as segment-angular spatial network analysis (Hillier and Iida 2005), Visual Graph Analysis, or VGA (Turner et al. 2001), vision-guided Agent-based Modelling (Turner, Penn, and Alasdair 2002),  origin-destination weighted network analysis to advance the methods of spatial accessibility analysis (Ferguson, Fridrisch, and Karimi 2012), GIS-linked tools and software to generate and use the space syntax analysis within a GIS environment (Gil et al. 2015), Place Syntax,  a combined accessibility and the urban environment elements analysis tool (Stahle, Marcus, and Karlstrom 2008), and many other methods, techniques and software that follow the principles of the overarching space syntax theory.

与此同时，学术研究人员通过开发新的工具和方法，推动了该领域的边界，如线段角度空间网络分析(Hillier和Iida 2005)、可视图形分析或VGA (Turner等人2001)、视觉引导的基于agent的建模(Turner、Penn和Alasdair 2002)， 起源-目的地加权网络分析，以推进空间可达性分析方法(Ferguson, Fridrisch，和Karimi 2012)，与GIS相关的工具和软件，在GIS环境中生成和使用空间句法分析(Gil等人2015年)，地点句法， 可达性和城市环境要素分析工具(Stahle, Marcus，和Karlstrom 2008)，以及其他许多遵循总体空间句法理论原则的方法、技术和软件。 

In the late 1980s and early 1990s, when space syntax research was heavily under way in University College London (UCL), and indeed in many other universities around the world, an increasing demand emerged for using this approach in real life urban and architectural design projects.  The very early projects undertaken by Space Syntax Laboratory, a research centre at the Bartlett, demonstrated great potential for using the methodology in consultancy.  The desire to use this approach was shared by various groups.  Designers, developers and local authorities were all interested, since analytical tools could help optimize the plans and avoid risk in urban developments.  Currently, there are a growing number of urban consultancy firms that utilize space syntax research in their projects, or provide specialized space syntax consultancy services.

20世纪80年代末和90年代初，伦敦大学学院(UCL)和世界上许多其他大学都在大力开展空间句法研究，在现实生活中的城市和建筑设计项目中使用这种方法的需求越来越大。 巴特利特的一个研究中心——空间句法实验室(Space Syntax Laboratory)开展的早期项目显示出在咨询领域使用该方法的巨大潜力。 各种团体都希望使用这种方法。 设计师、开发商和地方当局都对此感兴趣，因为分析工具可以帮助优化规划并避免城市开发中的风险。 目前，越来越多的城市咨询公司在其项目中利用空间句法研究，或提供专业的空间句法咨询服务。 

Today, space syntax research cannot be considered a specialized or novel field anymore. The research is extending in various ways and links with other disciplines or research areas. This is happening in many directions, to develop further research on: evidence-based design approaches and tools (Sailer et al. 2008), transport planning and public transport systems (De Koning et al. 2017), resilience and urban planning for hazards and disasters (Maureira and Karimi 2017), social media and co-presence (Shen and Karimi 2016), environmental and spatial cognition (Dalton 2003; Marcus, Giusti, and Barthel 2016), urban sprawl and regional planning, walkability studies (Dhanani, Tarkhanyan, and Vaughan 2017), cycling studies (Raford, Chiaradia, and Gil 2007; McCahil and Garrick 2008), urban regeneration and slum upgrading (Karimi and Parham 2012), Transport-Orientated Design (TOD) and other major infrastructural studies, urban lighting and night economies (Dwimirnani and Karimi 2017), and many other areas of research that have not conventionally been part of the morphological or architectural research. This shows that while the research field is maturing and consolidating, it also becomes more accessible and useful to the other fields of research.

今天，空间句法研究不再被认为是一个专门或新颖的领域。该研究正以多种方式扩展，并与其他学科或研究领域建立联系。这是在许多方面发生的，以发展进一步的研究: 基于证据的设计方法和工具(Sailer等人2008年)、交通规划和公共交通系统(De Koning等人2017年)、灾害和灾害的复原力和城市规划(Maureira和Karimi 2017年)、社交媒体和共生(Shen和Karimi 2016年)、环境和空间认知(Dalton 2003年; Marcus, Giusti和Barthel 2016)，城市扩张和区域规划，步行性研究(Dhanani, tarkhanan和Vaughan 2017)，自行车研究(Raford, Chiaradia和Gil 2007; McCahil和Garrick 2008)，城市再生和贫民窟升级(Karimi和Parham 2012)，交通导向设计(TOD)和其他主要基础设施研究，城市照明和夜间经济(dimirnani和Karimi 2017)， 还有许多其他领域的研究，传统上不属于形态学或建筑研究的一部分。 这表明，在研究领域日趋成熟和巩固的同时，其他研究领域也变得更加容易接近和有用。

In this themed issue, three papers are presented which attempt to push the boundaries of the space syntax field further and connect with the other fields.  In ‘Space syntax investigation of Lubbock, a grid-like American city and some insights into isotropic layouts’, Haq and Berhie apply the old and new space syntax methods of analysis to an American city to explore the applicability of the methods to a perfect grid structure.  Their work proves an important concept in this type of spatial grids; local structure is more appropriately defined by metric distance, but the global structure follows a topo-geometric logic.  In their paper, ‘Combining multi-criteria and space syntax analysis to assess a pedestrian network: the case of Oporto’, Jabbari, Fonseca and Ramos describe a GIS-based integrated method to assess a pedestrian network by combining multiple criteria and link them with space syntax analysis.  They use this approach to evaluate the ‘walkability’ of the routes within the City Centre of Porto, a method which could be applied to other types and conditions of urban centres.  Finally, in ‘Urban evolution as a spatio-functional interaction process:  the case of central Shanghai’, Shen and Karimi explore the transformation of urban centrality structures by the shifting the interdependence between spatial centrality indices and delivered urban function connectivity metrics, generated in tandem by spatial network and land-use patterns.  The study shows that the complex interrelationships between the spatial network and land-use patterns are the major determinants of the formation of the urban function regions.

在本专题中，本文提出了三篇论文，试图进一步拓展空间句法领域的边界，并与其他领域建立联系。在“Space syntax investigation of Lubbock, a grid-like American city and some insights into isotropic layouts”一文中，Haq and Berhie将新旧空间句法分析方法应用于美国城市，探索这些方法对完美网格结构的适用性。他们的工作证明了这种类型的空间网格的一个重要概念; 局部结构更适合用度量距离来定义，而全局结构则遵循拓扑几何逻辑。 Jabbari、Fonseca和Ramos在他们的论文“结合多标准和空间句法分析来评估行人网络:porto案例”中描述了一种基于gis的综合方法，通过结合多个标准并将其与空间句法分析联系起来来评估行人网络。他们使用这种方法来评估波尔图市中心内路线的“步行性”，这种方法可以应用于城市中心的其他类型和条件。最后，在“作为空间-功能互动过程的城市演化”中: 以上海中心城区为例，沈和Karimi通过空间网络和土地利用格局相互作用，改变空间中心性指标与城市功能连通性指标之间的相互依赖关系，探讨了城市中心性结构的转变。研究表明，空间网络与土地利用格局之间的复杂相互关系是城市功能区形成的主要决定因素。   

These three papers, published in this themed issue of the Journal of Urban Design, present an interesting sample of the ways the space syntax research is developing and connecting with the other fields such as morphological, planning, transport and urban design studies. Today the term ‘space syntax’ should be considered an umbrella for socio-spatial studies that employ configurational spatial network tools and intend to bring analytical, evidence-based rigour into urban design and planning.

这三篇发表在本期《城市设计杂志》上的论文，展示了空间句法研究与形态、规划、交通和城市设计研究等其他领域发展和联系的有趣范例。 今天，“空间句法”一词应该被视为社会空间研究的一个保护伞，这些研究使用构型空间网络工具，并打算将分析性的、基于证据的严谨论证引入城市设计和规划。 

作者和年代，应该用英文写清楚